Springing up in Western pop culture in the 1970s, the New Age Movement and esotericism propagated through a mix of spiritual practices that go far beyond the existing major religions like Christianity, Judaism, and Islam (Carnevale & Nowaczyk, 2023). Defining this movement is challenging, as people in this spiritual scene draw their beliefs from a range of traditions, styles, and ideas (Aupers & Houtman, 2007).

By: Azfar Adib Russia's invasion of Ukraine, the biggest global security crisis in decades, has pushed western countries to increase...